1. Nrp 2017 Study Guide
2. Study Guide For Neonatal Resuscitation Program Certification
3. 7th Edition Nrp Flow Diagram

Rapid assessment The previous resuscitation guidelines included five and, later, four rapid assessment questions. The 2011 algorithm asks three questions regarding the status of the infant: “Is the infant of term gestation?”, “Is the infant crying or breathing?” and “Is there good muscle tone?”. Notably, there is no longer a question regarding the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) because vigorous term babies born through MSAF may be managed without resuscitative intervention. Nevertheless, intubation and suction below the cords is still recommended in nonvigorous babies born through MSAF.

Learners should be made aware of the need to assess the appearance of the amniotic fluid and the condition of the infant so a decision about suctioning can be made. Initial steps, evaluation and positive pressure ventilation Practitioners will need to complete the initial steps (warm, clear the airway as necessary, dry and stimulate), re-evaluate the infant’s condition (heart rate HR and breathing) and begin positive pressure ventilation (PPV), as indicated, within the ‘Golden Minute’ (American Academy of Pediatrics). A rise in HR remains the most important indicator of PPV effectiveness, and is best determined by auscultating the precordial pulse. The new algorithm reinforces the importance of establishing effective ventilation before providing chest compressions – tools to achieve this include a checklist of corrective actions (see Case 3), and the use of laryngeal mask and endotracheal airways.

Resuscitation gases and oximetry Preductal (right upper limb) oxygen saturation should be monitored whenever PPV is required. Air (21% oxygen) is recommended as the initial gas for all babies, with the exception of very preterm babies in whom supplemental oxygen (between 30% and 90%), guided by pulse oximetry, may be preferable until clinical trials provide firm direction.

Regardless of the initial resuscitation gas mixture, pulse oximetry in association with blended air and oxygen should be available to titrate oxygen therapy; this will minimize the risk of hyperoxemia, hypoxemia or fluctuations between both. A chart with preductal saturation targets in the first 10 min after birth is provided to guide practitioners when titrating supplemental oxygen. Units and practitioners should develop capacity to measure oxygen saturation while providing blended air and oxygen.

Self-inflating resuscitation bags, even without a reservoir, can deliver higher concentrations of oxygen than previously suggested. These devices also require blended gases for reliable delivery of intended oxygen concentrations. Chest compressions Babies who experience persistent bradycardia (HR of less than 60 beats/min), despite 30 s of effective ventilation, should receive chest compressions and 100% oxygen. The recommended chest compression to ventilation ratio in the NRP textbook is 3:1.

However, in rare cases of neonates for whom the arrest is known to be of cardiac etiology, a higher compression to ventilation ratio should be considered. This will facilitate less frequent interruption of chest compressions for the purpose of ventilation and/or assessment.

Postresuscitation care It should be noted that central cyanosis is normally present in the first few minutes after birth. Continuous positive airway pressure may be considered, particularly for preterm infants with laboured respirations or persistent cyanosis; however, if their cardiorespiratory status fails to improve, oxygen, PPV and intubation should be considered. As described in the NRP textbook, postresuscitation care includes temperature control, close monitoring of vital signs (eg, HR, oxygen saturation and blood pressure), awareness of potential complications and provision of the necessary support.

Nrp 2017 Study Guide

It cannot be assumed that a baby who has been successfully resuscitated is healthy and requires only routine care; further stabilization may be necessary as a component of postresuscitation care. For example, the new guidelines provide guidance for the management of newborns considered to be at risk for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Specific recommendations when signs of moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy are present within 6 h of age include consideration of therapeutic hypothermia according to an evidence-based protocol, with referral to and follow-up by a regional perinatal centre. Instructor training The skills required to create an effective immersive learning environment, including the use of simulation techniques and debriefing, require both training and practice, and will grow with time and experience. The new instructor manual is a key resource and will be essential reading before face-to-face instructor training.

The goal for Canadian NRP instructors is to develop the necessary skills to facilitate an immersive learning environment over the coming years. Through the Canadian Paediatric Society website, regional workshops and its network of regional NRPs, the Canadian NRP Steering Committee will provide guidance and support to instructors in developing these skills during this period of transition. The transition to new training methods should occur by July 1, 2012. Provider training To maximize the effectiveness of time spent at NRP provider workshops, participants are expected to review the NRP textbook and successfully complete an online evaluation before attending. NRP provider workshops will have three essential components: performance skills stations, integrated skills stations and simulated scenarios with debriefing.

Participants should initially practice skills integral to their roles (eg, equipment checks, initial steps and provision of PPV). Participants should be familiar with equipment recommended in the new guidelines, particularly equipment required for delivery of supplemental oxygen. Those with airway management responsibilities need to practice skills such as endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway placement. An ‘integrated skills station’, similar to the megacode evaluation, will enable participants to practice the sequence of the NRP algorithm. Note that for all NRP providers, the new algorithm reinforces the need to ensure effective ventilation.

Finally, learners should participate in real-time scenarios using simulation and debriefing, which will reinforce cognitive, technical and behavioural skills. A workshop for labour and delivery practitioners may also focus on behavioural aspects including anticipation and planning, resource use, assignment of roles, team communication and situational awareness.

Study Guide For Neonatal Resuscitation Program Certification

Simulation “Simulations are scenarios or environments designed to closely approximate real-world situations”. ILCOR endorses the use of simulation during training, although the most effective techniques have yet to be identified. As an NRP instructor, you have already used simulation in your workshops during the skills sessions, performance checklists and the megacode evaluation. If you wish to demonstrate the more advanced skills of resuscitation, you may decide to include practitioners who perform these skills in your workshop.

This will create more realistic scenarios and approximate the case-room team in ‘real-life’ resuscitations. Skills such as teamwork and communication are best cultivated in a ‘safe’ environment such as a simulated scenario. Fidelity The term ‘fidelity’ is generally used to refer to the degree of realism of a simulation, but the technical fidelity of the equipment may vary according to the learning objectives for a given scenario, and contribute to this ‘realism’. The essential component of an effective simulation is the ‘suspension of disbelief’, which enables immersive learning – this is achieved by setting a relevant context.

Simulation does not require expensive, highly technological equipment. For your participants, you will require a manikin that can be used to practice PPV and compressions. The use of aids, such as pea soup to mimic meconium, simulated blood, and monitors to provide auditory and visual cues, are all simple ways to enhance the contextual fidelity of a scenario. Scenarios should be conducted with the aim of achieving clear, predetermined learning objectives related to performance of NRP procedures – complex technology or improbable scenarios may detract from this goal. CASE 3 Within your birthing unit, a term infant with an atypical fetal heart tracing is born apneic and bradycardic. What do you do? Critical steps involve preparation of equipment and personnel for immediate resuscitation.

The NRP recommends that at every delivery, at least one person who is responsible for the care of the newborn, capable of initiating resuscitation, and skilled in the provision of PPV and chest compressions must be present. A second person skilled in more advanced resuscitation procedures should be readily available to assist. When the need for resuscitation has been identified, team roles should be assigned to ensure clarification of roles and responsibility.

A team leader should also be clearly designated and additional support should be requested if advanced resuscitation is likely. If there is no improvement in HR or respiratory effort, PPV should be provided within the ‘Golden Minute’ (American Academy of Pediatrics). It is important that effective ventilation is achieved before moving further down the resuscitation algorithm. If increasing HR and chest rise are not achieved, ventilation may be improved using the MRSOPA corrective actions (Mask adjustment, Reposition airway, Suction mouth and nose, Open mouth, Pressure increase, Alternative airway). If adequate clinical improvement is not achieved with the initial steps, alternate airway support should be considered including intubation or use of the laryngeal mask airway.

The laryngeal mask airway can be effective for ventilating infants delivered at 34 weeks’ gestation or later, and weighing more than 2000 g. If the HR remains lower than 60 beats/min despite 30 s of adequate ventilation, chest compressions should be delivered using the two-thumb encircling technique. Indications for the use of adrenaline remain unchanged; the intravenous route of administration is preferred, and doses are described in the 2006 Canadian recommendations. CASE 4 The team experienced a complicated resuscitation. How might they best learn from the event? The 2010 ILCOR guidelines recommended that it is reasonable to use debriefing during learning activities, both in simulated scenarios and in clinical activities. Debriefing allows the team to review preceding events, enabling assessment of cognitive, technical and behavioural skills, and identification of potential system errors.

Teams should make debriefing a regular occurrence following all resuscitations so that experiential learning can occur in a constructive manner and the interprofessional team can optimize future performance. How does one debrief? Debriefing, unlike feedback, is a facilitated discussion of previous events, and should occur as soon as feasible after the scenario or event. As the facilitator, it is imperative not to dominate the discussion. Questions should be open ended, with a limited number of facilitator statements. It is generally recommended, particularly in the case of real-life events, that the debriefing take place away from the location where the scenario occurred to reduce emotional load. A ‘safe’ learning environment should always be maintained and debriefing performed in a constructive rather than a punitive manner.

Debriefing should be objective and focus on events as they occur. The use of video recording may facilitate a thorough and objective debriefing. The role of simulation or ‘drills’ Debriefing real-life events may reveal critical errors or deficits in cognitive, technical or, most often, behavioural skills necessitating further training. As noted above, ILCOR recommends the use of simulation-based training, although optimal methods have yet to be identified. Simulation or repeated drills may be used for further training outside of the clinical environment, and have been shown to enhance performance. Simulation does not necessitate the use of high-fidelity technical equipment; therefore, all units can incorporate this training. Simulations can occur in the clinical workplace for greater realism, also enabling the identification of important system errors.

7th Edition Nrp Flow Diagram

Simulation-based training should encompass cognitive, technical and behavioural skills training. The interprofessional team should be involved in such training to provide greater realism and optimize nontechnical skills training.

Neonatal Resuscitation Program ® Since 2011, HealthStream and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) have partnered together to deliver the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). This all-in-one NRP solution provides the best possible educational experience and materials. The 7th Edition utilizes an evidence-based approach to care of the newborn at birth and facilitates effective team-based care for healthcare professionals who care for newborns at the time of delivery. NRP utilizes a blended learning approach, which includes online testing, online case-based simulations, and hands-on case-based simulation/debriefing that focus on critical leadership, communication, and team-work skills.