Cells Review Guide Anatomy Answer Key
HESI-A2 ANATOMY Anatomy Questions for HESI entrance exam Question Answer A cut along the median plane; cuts the body into left and right. Sagittal A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Coronal A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions. Transverse This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities. Dorsal This body cavity includes the orbits & the nasal, oral, thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities. Ventral Study of tissues histology Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions. Tissue The 4 fundamental tissues epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve Tissue that covers, lines & protects the body and its internal organs epithelial tissue Tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support & structure for the organs. Connective tissue Tissue composed of neurons & connective tissue cells that are called neuralgia nerve tissue Tissue that has the ability to contract or shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary. Muscle tissue voluntary muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue Involuntary muscle tissue smooth muscle & cardiac muscle tissue Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs cell include the enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.
Proteins Where does meiosis take place? Gonads Mucous, serous, synovial & cutaneous are membranes composed mainly of tissue Epithelial What is replaced by bone during embryonic development? Cartilage is mainly found in joints, thorax & various rigid tubules. Cartilage The largest organ of the body skin Layer of skin that rests on the subcu. Tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles. Dermis Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer: Stratum corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum granulosum, stratum germinativum Layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs stratum germinativum Protein pigment that protects against the suns radiation melanin The layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles & glands.
Dermis Two types of sweat glands eccrine & apcorine Sweat gland that regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin. Eccrine Sweat glands that are mainly in the groin and armpits and contain bits of cytoplasm in the secretion apocrine The skeleton is make up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) & the lower extremity. Lower appendicular skeleton List the bones of the os coxae ilium, ischium, & pubis Muscle contraction results from the sliding together of what 2 filaments within the muscle cell or fiber? Actin & myosin What are myofibrils made up of? Sarcomeres What must be present for muscles to contract? ATP & calcium Skeletal muscle = muscle voluntary Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers. Synergists Muscles that reduce the angle at the joint.
Flexors Muscles that increase the angle at the joint. Extensors The system is made up of the brain, spinal cord & nerves. Nervous What are the main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrite, axon of a neuron transmit impulse toward the body of the cell. Dendrites of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body. Axon The 2 parts of the nervous system CNS & PNS The division of the nervous system that consists of all of the nerves that transmit info to & from the central nervous system.
Cell Transport Study Guide Anatomy Answer Key
PNS 2 divisions of the PNS Sensory (afferent) neurons & Motor (efferent) neurons Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS. Sensory (afferent) neurons Neurons that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS, and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands & digestive organs motor (efferent) neurons The major parts of the brain cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata Part of the brain associated with movement & sensory input cerebrum Part of the brain responsible for muscular coordination cerebellum Part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration & heart rate medulla oblongata How long is the spinal cord? 18 inches The spine extends from the to the.
Cells Study Guide Answer Key
Foramen magnum (base of the skull), L1 or L2 There are pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord. 31 The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only & don't reach the brain. Simple reflexes The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. Sensory The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord motor The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis endocrine system The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation endocrine system The gland that governs the pituitary & is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood. Hypothalamus Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation & metabolism of specific target cells. Hormones 2 major groups of hormones steroid hormones & protein hormones The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect on DNA of the nucleus.
Steroid hormones The hormones that remain at cell surface and act through a second messenger AMP Protein hormones Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of. Protein synthesis The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces , raises and inhibits release of. Body temperature, blood sugar level, histamine The master gland pituitary gland The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the. Infundibulum 2 major portion of the pituitary gland anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) & posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). Hormones of the adenohypophysis tropic hormones STH, GH, ACTH, THS, FSH, LH are all hormones of. Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) Oxytocin & ADH are hormones of.
Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) Whole blood: whole blood & formed parts. 55%, 45% What make up the formed elements of blood? Erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets What are ways to distinguish leukocytes? Size, nucleus, staining properties, & presence/absence of visual cytoplasmic granules Leukocytes are active in &. Phagocytosis & antibody formation are active in blood clotting. Platelets Blood serves to transport & to body cells and to carry away &. Oxygen & nutrients; CO2 & metabolic wastes contains 10% proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products & hormones.
Proteins Double pump organ heart The heart sends blood to the lungs for through the pulmonary circuit & to the remainder through the circuit. Oxygenation; systemic circuit Where blood is received atria After blood is received by the atria, it is pumped into circulation by the. Ventricles Valve on the right side of the heart tricuspid Valve on the left side of the heart bicuspid valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk & aorta. Semilunar Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the. Coronary arteries Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the.
Coronary sinus The hears intrinsic beat is initiated by the. SA node Device that measures the hearts wave of electrical activity ECG The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction. Cardiac cycle The contraction phase of ventricular cycle systole The relaxation phase of ventricular contraction diastole carry blood away from the heart arteries carry blood toward the heart veins Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood & cells of the body capillaries The systemic arteries begin with the , which sends branches to all parts of the body. Aorta The smallest arteries arterioles As arteries get further away from the heart, they become. Thinner The large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart. Superior & inferior venae cavae The walls of the are thick & elastic and carry blood under high pressure. Arteries Vasoconstriction & vasodilation result from constriction & relaxation of in the arterial walls.
Smooth muscle Vasoconstriction & vasodilation influence & blood distribution to. Blood pressure; tissues Walls of are thinner, less elastic & carry blood under lower pressure than arteries. Veins Mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart: (3) Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins; expansion of the chest during inhalation; valves in veins of legs that keep blood moving in a forward direction Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs & alveoli are all components of the system.
Respirator system What part of the brain controls respiration? Medulla The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli. External respiration The exchange of gasses between blood and body cells. Internal respiration passage ways of the nasal cavity serves to warm, filter and moisten incoming air. Upper The upper respiratory tubules are lined with that keep dirt & debris from entering the lungs. Cilia The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity & draw air into the lungs. Inhalation The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size.
Exhalation Apocrine glands secretion traps debris & bacteria causing. Odor Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin & prevents drying.
Sebaceous gland Oil is produced by secretion. Holocrine Bones are classified by. Shape What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, composed mainly of spongy bone & a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone long bone Cells that form compact bone osteoblasts Axial skeleton consists of bones of the skull. 28 The bones of the axial skeleton are categorized as.
14 facial bones & 14 cranium bones List the 14 facial bones 2 nasal bones, 2 maxillary bones, 2 zygomatic bones, one mandible, 2 palatine bones, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal bones, 2 inferior nasal conchae 14 bones of the cranium occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of the ear (mallus, incus, stapes) The axial skeleton also holds bones of the vertebral column. 33 # of cervical vertebrae 7 # of thoracic vertebrae 12 # of lumbar vertebrae 5 # of sacral vertebrae 5 Another name for coccygeal bone tail bone Skeleton that houses girdles & limbs appendicular skeleton The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula & upper extremity are housed in the.
Upper appendicular skeleton Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to in RBC's. Hemoglobin Regulator of blood pH CO2 The digestive tube alimentary canal Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, recutm & anus are components of the. Alimentary canal/digestive tract Accessory organs of digestion liver, pancreas, gallbladder Mechanical process of breaking down food with the teeth & tongue mastication Substance that lubricates & dilutes chewed food saliva Enzyme in saliva that starts digestion of complex carbohydrates amylase A ball of food bolus Narrow tube leading from the pharynx to stomach esophagus 4 main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer) mucous membrane, submucous layer, muscular layer and serous layer After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete that breaks down food. Hydrocholoric acid The stomach churns & mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called. Chyme the stomach regulates the movement of food into the. Small intestine Where does digestion & absorption of food occur? Small intestine Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from & and by bile from the.
Small intestine & pancreas; liver The contributes water to dilute chyme & bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach. Pancreas Regions of the small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the. Small intestine The amino acids & simple sugars derived from proteins & carbohydrates are absorbed directly into. Blood Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the. Lacteals After fats are absorbed & added to the blood stream, all nutrients enter the to be routed to the for decontamination. Hepatic portal vein; liver small finger-like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall villi Digestive organ that reabsorbs water and stores & eliminates undigested food.
Large intestine Abundant bacteria of the large intestine intestinal flora Portions of the large intestine ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum opening for defecating anus parts of the urinary system 2 ureters, 2 kidneys, urethra, and urinary bladder The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder ureters The place where urine is stored urinary bladder How urine exits the body urethra Functional units of the kidney nephrons Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the. Renal artery the filtration process occurs through the in the bowmans capsule of the nephron. Glomerulus Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of. Blood pressure As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by & reenter the blood. Diffusion Water is reabsorbed at the of the nephron.
Tubules What is the final product of the nephrons? Urine 2 functions of the reproductive system production of gamates; production of hormones Functions of the sex organs are under control by hormones. Tropic reproductive activity is in women and in men. Cyclic; continuous What are gamates formed by?
Meiosis Where do spermatozoa develop? Seminiferous tubules of each testis The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules, produce. Testosterone Hormone that influences sperm cell development and produces body hair and deep voice. Testosterone Where are sperm stored?
Epididymis Pathway for sperm during ejaculation vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra Glands that produce semen seminal vesicles, prostate gland, cowpers gland Hormones that control testicular activity FSH & LH Hormone that stimulates sperm production FSH Hormone that stimulates intersitial cells to produce testosterone. LH produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy. Estrogen At day of the cycle, LH is released from the , which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the. 14; pituitary; corpus luteum What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum? Progesterone After ovulation, the egg is swept into the. Fallopian tube If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the. Oviduct Name for a fertilized egg zygote In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the , which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues.
Placenta Cavity composed of the abdomen & pelvis abdominopelvic cavity Movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream. Absorption Protein making up the I band of the sarcomere actin Building block of proteins amino acid Special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances. Antibody Adenosine triphosphate, which is the energy of the cell ATP Upper chambers of the heart atria Product of the liver that emulsifies fat bile Tissue made of cells & fibers that connect and support cartilage Gland of the ear that produces earwax Ceruminous gland Bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones. Chromosomes Nervous system made up of the brain & spinal cord CNS Imaginary line passing through the body from head to toe that divides the body into front & back portions coronal plane Body containing the brain cranial cavity Dome-shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
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